The Cap
It represents what is visible and experienced by children, families, and practitioners. In a school, this might include attitudes, communication, teaching practice, accessibility, and day-to-day interactions.
The Stem
It represents the structures that support these visible practices. For example, staff training and ideologies, policies, leadership and management practices, and organisational culture.
The Roots
It represent the deeper, often hidden factors that shape everything above. These might be budget restraints, legislation, staff wellbeing, research, socio-economic context, and wider systemic pressures.